Padmasani Venkat Ramanan, MD, MRCPCH (UK), completed her MBBS and MD (Pediatrics) from Maulana Azad Medical College. She is currently Professor of Pediatrics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai. Her special interests are in infectious diseases, vaccinology, growth, nutrition, and medical education. She has been a teacher and examiner for undergraduate students of medicine, postgraduates in pediatrics, fellows, and doctoral students for over 25 years. An astute clinician, a keen researcher, and a prolific writer, she has over 60 publications in national and international indexed medical journals, two book chapters, and two books to her credit.

Ramachandran P, MD (Pediatrics), DNB (Pediatrics), is currently Professor of Pediatrics and Associate Dean, Postgraduate (PG) Studies at Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai. Having taught pediatrics for undergraduates and postgraduates in different institutions in Tamil Nadu for nearly 40 years, he superannuated in the year 2011 as Director & Superintendent I/C, Institute of Child Health, Madras Medical College, Chennai. He has served as the Editor-in-Chief of the Indian Journal of Practical Pediatrics (2014–2016) and as the academic editor of the IAP Textbook of Pediatrics. He was a member of the IAP Task Force on the Implementation and Support of the MCI Competency-based Curriculum for Pediatrics in undergraduate education (2019).

Foreword         
Preface
Contributors    
1.    Normal Growth and Development           
PE1.1–1.6
Anitha Palani, Sasitharan R, Abhinayaa J   
      Terminologies and Factors Affecting Growth and Development 
      Patterns of Growth      
      Assessment of Physical Growth by Anthropometric Measurements        
      Growth Chart and its Clinical Significance        
      Normal Development  
      Methods of Assessment of Development          
2.    Common Problems Related to Growth    
PE2.1–2.6 
Shobana S, K. Vidhya Sagar           
      Growth Faltering (Failure to Thrive)     
      Assessment of a Child with Growth Faltering    
      Short Stature in Children         
      Referral Criteria          
3.    Developmental Delay and Intellectual Disability    
PE3.1–3.5 
Rema Chandramohan         
      Developmental Delay  
      Intellectual Disability (ID)       
4.    Common Problems Related to Development (Scholastic Backwardness, Learning Disabilities, Autism, ADHD)        
PE4.1–4.5 
P. Sudhakar, Poongodi Bala          
      Scholastic Backwardness, Learning Disabilities 
      Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder           
      Autism Spectrum Disorder       
      Child Guidance Clinic — Role in Children with Developmental and Behavioral Problems         
5.    Common Problems Related to Behavior  
PE5.1, 5.3–5.9       
Abhinayaa J, RV Dhakshayani        
      Habit Disorders and Behavioral Problems         
      Thumb Sucking           
      Nail Biting      
      Breath-Holding Spells  
      Temper Tantrums       
      Pica    
      Referral to a Specialist 
      Enuresis and Encopresis           
      Fussy Infant    
6.    Adolescent Health
PE6.1–6.4, 6.6, 6.7, 6.10, 6.13        
Sarala Premkumar, Poongodi Bala, Ramachandran P         
      Adolescence — Definition, Stages and Changes
      General Health Problems During Adolescence  
      Adolescent Nutrition and Common Nutritional Problems           
      Adolescent Sexuality and Related Problems       
      Adolescent Eating Disorder      
      Common Mental Health Problems During Adolescence 
      Adolescent-Friendly Health Services (AFHS)    
      Adolescent Health Check-up    
      Drug Abuse and Sexual Abuse in Children and Adolescents      
7.    Breastfeeding       
PE7.1–7.7 
Srinath MV, Radha Kumar 
8.    Complementary Feeding  
PE8.1–8.5 
Radha Kumar, Srinath MV 
9.    Normal Nutrition—Assessment and Monitoring   
PE9.1–9.5
Subramani P        
      Age-Related Nutritional Needs of Infants, Children and Adolescents, including Micronutrients and Vitamins  
      Eliciting Nutritional History and Calculating Calorie and Protein Intake
      Age-Related Calorie and Protein Requirement 
      Assessment and Classification of Nutritional Status of Infants, Children, and Adolescents         
10.   Malnutrition: Etiopathogenesis, WHO Classification, Clinical Features, Complications, and Management
PE10.1–10.3, 10.6
Karamath SP       
      Role of Locally Prepared Therapeutic Diets and Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Diets
11.   Obesity   
PE11.1–11.4, 11.6
Dhivyalakshmi J   
      Etiology, Clinical Features, and Management of Obesity in Children    
      Risk Approach for Obesity — Prevention Strategies, and Referral Criteria        
      Assessment of a Child with Obesity    
12.   Fat and Water-Soluble Vitamins
PE12.1, 12.2, 12.5–12.7, 12.10–12.16, 12.19, 12.20
Dinesh Kumar J   
      Vitamin A     
      Vitamin D     
      Vitamin E      
      Vitamin K     
      Water-Soluble Vitamins — B Complex and C 
13.   Micronutrients in Health and Disease     
PE13.7–13.14      
C. Ravichandran  
      Iodine
      Calcium        
      Magnesium   
      Zinc  
14.   Toxic Elements   
PE14.1, 14.2, 14.5
Shruthi TK, Padmasani Venkat Ramanan, Krithika P         
      Lead  
      Hydrocarbon (Kerosene) Poisoning     
      Oxygen Toxicity        
15.   Fluid and Electrolyte Balance     
PE15.1–15.4        
Poovazhagi Varadharajan
      Fluid and Electrolytes in Health and
Disease          
      Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance and
its Management         
16.   Integrated Management of Neonatal and
Childhood Illness (IMNCI) Guidelines     
PE16.1–16.3        
K. Nedunchelian, Shaik Mohammad Shafi Jan
      Components of Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI) Guidelines and Method of Risk Stratification  
      Assessment of Children Aged <2 months using IMNCI Guidelines and Stratifying Risk  
      Assessment of Children Aged 2 months to 5 years Using IMNCI Guidelines and Stratification of Risk   
17.   The National Health Programs, National Health Mission           
PE17.1–17.2        
Ramachandran P
      National Programs Related to Maternal and Child Health, including RMNCH A+, RBSK, RKSK, JSSK, Mission Indradhanush and ICDS, and NHM — Vision, Goals, Strategies, and Plan of Action 
      National Health Mission (NHM): Vision, Goals, Strategies, and Plan of Action 
18.   Reproductive Child Health (RCH) Program      
PE18.1–18.2        
Ramachandran P 
      Preventive Interventions for Child Survival and Safe Motherhood        
19.   Immunization     
PE19.1–19.6, 19.9, 19.14–19.16    
Rajesh B, Dhana Rathna Moorthy Vetrichelvan, M. Karthikeyan
      Universal Immunisation Programme and the National Immunization Schedule  
      Epidemiology of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
      Description of Vaccines          
      Cold Chain and Methods of Safe Storage and Handling of Vaccines      
      Immunization in Special Situations     
      Components of Safe Vaccine Practice 
      Implied Consent in Immunization       
      Newer Vaccines         
20.   Neonatology        
PE20.1–20.4, 20.6–20.17, 20.19–20.20      
Prakash A, Uma Maheshwari B, Mohamed Asiff R, Abhiramilatha T, Usha Devi R, Thambarasi T,
Thinesh Kumar J, Ashok C
      Common Neonatal Nomenclature       
      Care of a Normal Neonate      
      Neonatal Resuscitation
      Assessment at Birth and Routine Care
      Resuscitation when Baby is not Crying/Breathing at Birth        
      Assessment of a Neonate        
      Follow-up Care for Neonate   
      Birth Asphyxia           
      Respiratory Distress in Newborn         
      Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) 
      Transient Tachypnea of Newborn (TTN)         
      Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS)          
      Birth Injuries in Neonates       
      Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn 
      Low Birthweight Infants        
      Neonatal Hypothermia
      Neonatal Hypoglycemia         
      Hypocalcemia in Newborns    
      Neonatal Seizures      
      Neonatal Sepsis          
      Congenital and Perinatal Infections     
      Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia  
      Surgical Conditions in Newborns        
21.   Genitourinary System     282
PE21.1–21.9, PE21.11–21.14, PE21.17     
Sangeetha Perungo          
      Urinary Tract Infection          
      Hematuria in Children
      Acute Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis
(PSGN)         
      Proteinuria    
      Nephrotic Syndrome  
      Acute Kidney Injury  
      Chronic Kidney Disease in Children   
      Wilms’ Tumor
      History Taking and Physical Examination in a Child with Diseases of the Genitourinary
Tract 
      Urine Examination in Children
      Plain X-ray KUB and USG of KUB    
      Common Surgical Conditions of the Genitourinary System      
      Hypertension in Children and Adolescents       
22.   Rheumatological Problems in Children   
PE22.1, 22.3        
Mahesh Janarthanan        
      Musculoskeletal Examination
      Common Vasculitic Disorders — Kawasaki Disease and IGA Vasculitis (Henoch-Schonlein Purpura)     
      Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)       
      Juvenile Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) 
23.   Cardiovascular System    324
PE23.1–23.12, 23.16, 23.17          
Harapriya B, Ritchie Sharon Solomon       
      Congenital Heart Disease        
      Heart Failure in Children        
      Acute Rheumatic Fever (ARF)—Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Presentation, and Management       
      Infective Endocarditis
      History-Taking in Cardiac Disease      
      Examination of the Cardiovascular System      
      Drugs in Cardiac Diseases: Antifailure Drugs and Inotropic Agents      
      Cardiac Catheterization —Indications and Limitations 
      Common Pediatric Cardiac Surgeries  
24.   Diarrheal Diseases in Children   
PE24.1–24.8, 24.11–24.13
K. Vidhya Sagar, Sumathi Bavanandam     
      Acute Diarrhea           
      Persistent Diarrhea     
      Chronic Diarrhea       
      Dysentery      
25.   Malabsorption, Including Celiac Disease and Common Surgical Conditions of the Gastrointestinal Tract          
PE25.1, 21.14      
Sumathi Bavanandam       
      Common Surgical Conditions of the Gastrointestinal Tract       
26.   Acute and Chronic Liver Disorders        
PE26.1–26.9, 26.11, 26.12
K. Vindhiya          
      Acute Hepatitis          
      Chronic Liver Diseases           
      Portal Hypertension   
      History-Taking and Examination in Liver Disease         
      Investigations in Liver Disease
      Upper Gastrointestinal (GI) Endoscopy
      Prevention of Hepatitis B Infection—Universal Precautions and Immunization 
27.   Pediatric Emergencies    
PE27.1–27.5, 27.7–27.9, 27.11, 27.13, 27.24–27.26, 27.28, 27.29   
Shuba S, Krithika P, Ranjit Kumar Manokaran,
Poovazhagi Varadharajan, T. Murali        
      Under-5 Mortality      
      Cardiac Arrest/Cardiopulmonary Arrest          
      Respiratory Distress in Children         
      Shock in Children      
      Approach to an Unconscious Child     
      Poisoning in Children 
      Oxygen Therapy and Modes of Administration
        Triage of Sick Children Brought to a Health Facility       
      Assessment of an Emergency — Sequential Approach 
      Hypothermia 
      Basic Life Support (BLS)       
      Child Abuse or Child Maltreatment    
28.   Respiratory Disorders in Children         
PE28.1–9, 28.17, 28.18     
Elayaraja Sivaprakasam, B Sarath Balaji  
      Upper Respiratory Infections  
      Stridor in Children     
      Infections of the Larynx and Trachea   
      History-Taking and Examination in a Child with a Respiratory Problem
      X-ray Chest, Paranasal Sinuses
      Lower Respiratory Infections (Bronchiolitis, Wheeze-Associated Lower Respiratory Tract Infection, Pneumonia, and Empyema)    
29.   Hematology        
PE29.1, PE13.1, PE13.2, PE29.2–29.4, PE29.6–29.13, 29.15–29.17, 29.20      
Shobana S, Priyatharshini Parameswaran, Dhaarani Jayaram, S. Shanthi  
      Approach to Anemia  
      Iron Deficiency Anemia         
      Megaloblastic Anemia
      Hemolytic Anemias — Thalassemia Major, Sickle Cell Anemia, Hereditary Spherocytosis, Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia, and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome         
      Thrombocytopenia in Children
      Hemophilia — Etiology, Classification, Pathogenesis, and Clinical Features     
      Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia          
      Lymphomas  
      Approach to a Hematological Disorder—History, Examination and Diagnosis    
      Complete Hemogram, Peripheral Smear—Interpretation of Report        
      Peripheral Smear        
      Hemoglobin Electrophoresis and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)—Interpretation of Reports      
        Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy—Indications, Procedure, and Interpretation of Report          
      Splenectomy—Indications and Precautions     
30.   Nervous System   529
PE30.1–30.21, 30.23, 3.8, 27.6     
Saji James, Ranjit Kumar Manokaran, RV Dhakshayani, Shruthi TK, Bhaskar Naidu
      Meningitis     
      Hydrocephalus           
      Microcephaly 
      Neural Tube Defects  
      Infantile Hemiplegia   
      Febrile Seizures         
      Childhood Epilepsy    
      Status Epilepticus      
      Intellectual Disabilities—Mental Retardation  
      Cerebral Palsy
      Floppy Infant
      Poliomyelitis in Children        
      Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
      Ataxia in Children      
      History-Taking, Examination, and Differential Diagnosis in Central Nervous System (CNS) Disorders         
      Lumbar Puncture: Indications and Contraindications   
      Diagnostic Neuroradiological Procedures in Children   
      Electroencephalography (EEG)           
      Approach to Headache in Children      
31.   Allergic Disorders (Allergic Rhinitis, Atopic Dermatitis, Bronchial Asthma, Urticaria, Angioedema), Pulmonary Function Tests, Inhalational Therapy       
PE31.1–31.8, 31.10, 31.12, PE28.19          
K. Vindhiya, Padmasani Venkat Ramanan 
      Allergic Rhinitis        
      Atopic Dermatitis      
      Childhood Asthma     
      Pulmonary Function Tests      
      Urticaria and Angioedema      
32.   Chromosomal Abnormalities      
PE32.1, 32.4, 32.6, 32.9, 32.11      
T.S. Arun Prasath
      Down Syndrome        
      Turner Syndrome       
      Klinefelter Syndrome 
33.   Endocrine System           
PE33.1–33.8        
J. Dhivyalakshmi  
      Hypothyroidism         
      Diabetes Mellitus       
      Blood Sugar Testing and Urine Dipstick for Sugar       
      Ambiguous Genitalia 
      Precocious and Delayed Puberty — Definitions
34.   Infectious Diseases          
PE34.1–34.4, 34.7, 34.10, 34.12–34.20      
K. Vidhya Sagar, Priyatharshini Parameswaran, Vidya Krishna, Shalini Sharma, Dhana Rathna Moorthy Vetrichelvan, Sugha Priya C.V, Ramachandran P, Padmasani Venkat Ramanan
      Tuberculosis in Children        
      Tuberculosis—Diagnostics     
      Management of Tuberculosis  
      National Tuberculosis Control Program           
      Fever in Children       
      Measles, Mumps, and Rubella
      Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus       
      Enteric Fever 
      Vector-Borne Diseases
      Malaria          
      Common Parasitic Infections—Amoebiasis and Giardiasis         
      Rickettsial Infections 
      COVID-19—Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Children
      Multi-System Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MISC) — Associated with COVID-19     
35.   Medicolegal, Socio-Cultural, and Ethical Issues 
PE35.1    
Ramachandran P 
      Medicolegal Issues     
      Medical Ethics           
Annexure I IAP/WHO Growth Charts        
Annexure II WHO BMI-for-Age Chart for Boys and Girls 
Annexure III Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI)  
Bibliography
Index